流动性供应商
TIER 1
一级监管
最为严格,申请要求最高,维护成本也非常高的监管,一般在欧盟地区及北美,澳洲等发达国家。拥有此类牌照的机构通常实力较强。
TIER 2
二级监管
需要有一级监管牌照才能申请,相对低阶牌照监管更为严格。维护成本较高,通常为离岸岛国形式的离岸金融中心。
TIER 3
三级监管
法理上可以进行金融业务,但实际运营监管较弱。
英国金融行为监管局 FCA

The Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) is the financial regulatory body in the United Kingdom, operating independently of the UK government and financed entirely by charging fees to members of the financial services industry. Established under the Financial Services Act 2012, which came into effect on April 1, 2013, the FCA formed part of a new regulatory framework that abolished the former Financial Services Authority (FSA). The FCA regulates financial firms providing services to consumers and maintains the integrity of the UK’s financial markets, with a core focus on the conduct regulation of both retail and wholesale financial services firms.